INTERLANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH: EXPLORING ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

Ilyas Yakut, Erdogan Bada

DOI Number
https://doi.org/10.22190/JTESAP2104611Y
First page
611
Last page
626

Abstract


Language learners employ communication strategies (CSs) to avoid communication breakdowns in times of difficulty, and such strategies develop within strategic competence thanks to exposure to a target language. This research is designed as a developmental study aiming to investigate the possible effects of exposure to English as a foreign language on the use of CSs in the interlanguage of Turkish speakers of English. To attain this aim, we chose 20 Turkish learners of English from the beginner level, and they designated the topics they would speak and write about. Their oral and written performances on the topics were tested at the beginning prior to instruction, in the middle, and at the end of the academic year to observe whether CS usage altered over time. The findings revealed that participants resorted to different types of CSs in their speaking and writing tasks. The comparison of CS employment in each test showed that learners’ CS preferences, as well as L1 and L2-based CSs, changed over time in both speaking and writing. Therefore, it is concluded that exposure to the target language may have a significant effect on the preference of CSs. The results of this study are significant as they suggested that CSs in interlanguage evolves from L1-based to L2-based strategies. The findings of this study have important implications for teaching English as a foreign language in reference to the effects of language exposure on the use of CSs in both oral and written performances of L2 learners.


Keywords

Interlanguage, communication strategy, language exposure, speaking, writing

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aliakbari, M., & Allvar, N., K. (2009). Communication strategies in the written medium: The effect of language proficiency. Linguistik Online, 40, 4-13.

Bada, E. (1993). Phonemic identifications in English: A case of interlingual transfer by adult speakers of Turkish, Japanese, and Arabic [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. The University of Exeter, Exeter.

Bada, E. (2010). Repetitions as vocalized-fillers and self-repairs in English and French interlanguages. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1680-1688.

Bialystok, E. (1983). Some factors in the selection and implementation of communication strategies. In Claus Færch & Gabriele Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 100-118). London: Longman.

Bialystok, E. (1990). Communication strategies. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bialystok, E., & Kellerman, E. (1987). Language strategies in the classroom. In B.K. Das (Ed.), Communication and learning in the classroom community (pp. 160- 175). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

Bongaerts, T., & Poulisse, N. (1989). Communication strategies in L1 and L2: Same or different? Applied Linguistics, 10, 253–268.

Bongaerts, T., Kellerman, E., & Bentlage, A. (1987). Perspectives and proficiency in L2 referential communication. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 9, 171-200.

Brown, H., D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47.

Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In J. C. Richards & R. W. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and Communication (pp. 2-15). New York: Longman.

Chen, S. (1990). A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners. Language learning, 40(2), 155-187.

Chimbganda, A. B. (2000). Communication strategies used in the writing of answers in biology by ESL first year science students at the University of Botswana. English for Specific Purposes, 19(4), 305-329.

Cook, V. (1993). Linguistics and second language acquisition. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Corder, S. P. (1983). Strategies of communication. In C. Færch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 15-18). London: Longman.

DeKeyser, R. (1991). Foreign language development during a semester abroad. In B. Freed (Ed.), Foreign language acquisition research and the classroom (pp. 104- 119). Lexington, Mass.: DC Heath and Co.

Dobao, A. M. F. (2001). Communication strategies in the interlanguage of Galician students of English: The influence of learner and task related factors. Atlantis, 23(1), 41–62.

Dörnyei, Z., & Scott, M. L. (1995). Communication strategies: An empirical analysis with retrospection. In J.S. Turley & K. Lusby (Eds.), Selected papers from the proceedings of the 21st annual symposium of the Deseret language and linguistics society (pp. 155-168). Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.

Dörnyei, Z., & Scott, M. L. (1997). Communication strategies in a second language: definitions and taxonomies. Language Learning, 47, 173–210.

Færch, C., & Kasper, G. (1983). Plans and strategies in foreign language communication. In C. Færch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 20-60). London: Longman.

Hyde, J. (1982). The Identification of communication strategies in the interlanguage of Spanish speakers of English. Anglo-American Studies, 2(1), 13-30.

Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. Pride, & J.

Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: Selected readings (pp.269-93). Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Kalebic, S., C. (2007). On the use of compensatory strategies in learner interlanguage. In J. Horvath, & M. Nikolov (Eds.), Empirical studies in English applied linguistics (pp. 269-279). Pecs: Lingua Franca Csoport.

Lafford, B. A. (2004). The effect of the context of learning on the use of communication strategies by learners of Spanish as a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(2), 201–225.

Nakatani, Y. (2005). The effects of awareness-raising on oral communication strategy use. Modern Language Journal, 89, 75-90.

Olsen, S. (1999). Errors and compensatory strategies: a study of grammar and vocabulary in texts written by Norwegian learners of English. System, 27, 191-205.

Paramasiwam, S. (2009). Language transfer as a communication strategy and a language learning strategy in a Malaysian ESL classroom. Asian EFL Journal, 11(1), 192-229.

Paribakht, T. (1985). Strategic competence and language proficiency. Applied Linguistics, 6, 132-146.

Poulisse, N. (1993). A theoretical account of lexical communication strategies. In R. Schreuder, & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 157-189). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Poulisse, N., & Schils, E. (1989). The influence of task- and proficiency-related factors on the use of communication strategies: A quantitative analysis. Language Learning, 39, 15-48.

Rababah, G. (2001). An investigation into the strategic competence of Arab learners of English at Jordanian universities [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. University of Newcastle, Upon Tyne.

Rababah, G. (2002). Second language communication strategies: Definitions, taxonomies, data elicitation methodology and teachability issues, a review article, ED472698.

Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics (IRAL), 10(3), 209-231.

Sionis, C. (1995). Communication strategies in the writing of scientific research articles by non-native users of English. English for Specific Purposes, 14(2), 99-113.

Tajeddin, Z., & Alemi, M. (2010). Less proficient vs. more proficient L2 learners‟ preferences for compensation strategies: L1-based, L2-based, and non-linguistic. Linguistic and Literary Broad Research and Innovation, 1(2), 48-55.

Tarone, E. (1977). Conscious communication strategies in interlanguage: A progress report. In H. D. Brown, C.A. Yorio, & R.C. Crymes (Eds.), TESOL (pp. 194-203). Washington: TESOL.

Tarone, E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage. Language Learning, 30(2), 417-431.

Tarone, E. (1983). Some thoughts on the notion of “communication strategy.” In C. Færch, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 61- 74). London: Longman.

Ting, S., & Phan, G. (2008). Adjustment in communication strategy use to interlocutor’s language proficiency. Prospect: Australian TESOL Journal, 23(1), 28-36.

Wannaruk, A. (2003). Communication strategies employed by EST students. SLLT 12, 1-18.

Willems, G. (1987). Communication strategies and their significance in foreign language teaching. System 15(3), 351-364.

Yakut, I. (2013). Interlingual development of Turkish adult learners of English: L1 vs. L2 communication strategy use [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Çukurova University.

Yakut, I. (2019). Drawing on strategic competence in EFL context: The effects of addressee’s L1 background on compensation strategy use. In H. Yilmaz, E. Yucel, & M. S. Ozturk (Eds.), A general perspective on foreign language teaching III (pp. 147-165). Konya: Çizgi Publishing House.

Yarmohammadi, L., & S. Saif. (1992). More on communication strategies: Classification, resources, frequency and underlying processes. IRAL 30(3), 223- 232.

Yule, G. & Tarone, E. (1990). Eliciting the performance of strategic competence. In Scarcella, R., E. Andersen & S. Krashen (Eds.), Communicative competence in a second language (pp. 179-194). New York: Newbury House.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.22190/JTESAP2104611Y

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN 2334-9182 (Print)
ISSN 2334-9212 (Online)